The Variabilities of Dopamine (₯) - PART I:ChEBI:18243

• submitted: 2024-04-09 CASE Science, Center for the Advancement of Science Education, National Taiwan University
• accepted:  2024-06-13
• published: 2024-06-27 [中文] : 多變多巴胺第一部: ChEBI:18243
• DOIs: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12577272 ; https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25794222

 

Fig 1: dopamine chemical families

Upon reading the article, the Variabilities of Dopamine (₯) - Prequel, we discover that our understanding of dopamine encompasses various facets, which shift with the passage of time and the context in which we perceive them. Dopamine is usually introduced by explaining that it is an organic chemical from the catechol/catecholamine and phenethylamine families. But wait, what are the names of all these chemical compounds popping up all of a sudden? What's going on with this line of scientific family tree? For complex information, we can use a powerful tool that integrates the breadth and depth of knowledge units, the so-called Knowledge Graph (KG) and an ontology that clarifies the structure and "relationships" between knowledge. The ontology mentioned here was originally established by scholars from various disciplines. It provides a method for computers to "understand" the semantics of data to perform calculations, describe it in a universal machine-readable format, and integrate other knowledge sources for application in different fields.


The most familiar KG is the information box displayed on the right side of Google search results. As a framework for understanding the entities and their relationships in the real world, the information that appears most often in the structured database - Wikipedia, and one of the wisdom behind this comes from semantic & ontological structures. If the ontology is placed in the context of popular science, it will help us quickly grasp the information, which is the saying that a picture is worth a thousand words. Because ontology has the advantage of visualizing data and combining images and textual knowledge trees to help readers move from familiar visual representations to abstract scientific understanding, we will try to use different ontologies to convey the complex stories of dopamine and bring readers to the concept of dopamine from the micro and macro perspectives respectively, and understand "her" properties, structure and basic knowledge more accurately.

Ontology: ChEBI

Within the realm of biomedical ontology, every knowledge unit—whether an entity or a node—embodies a distinct biological or chemical entity (such as genes, cells, diseases, drugs, and more), revealing essential attributes inherent to each compound. In the ontology, each connected edge (relation) describes the interaction or relationship between entities (such as "drugs treat diseases" or "cells up-regulate genes"). Therefore, using the standard vocabulary of "Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI)" as a formal introduction to dopamine is quite consistent with our understanding of dopamine's molecular structure, role in biology, and common understanding among entities. Chemistry-specific relationships (such as the relationship types and family pedigrees depicted in Figure 2) take into account the need for both broad and in-depth understanding.

ChEBI is part of the Open Biomedical Ontology (OBO) of the Heidelberg-based European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) and focuses on integrating and describing data on "small" compounds. "Molecular entity" refers to any structurally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, free radical, radical ion, complex, conformational isomer, etc. Recognizable as individually distinguishable entities, the molecular entities in question are either natural products or synthetic products designed to intervene in biological processes. ChEBI contains the relationship between an ontology classification and a specified molecular entity, or an entity class and its parents and/or children, usually called as a "parent-child relationship."

 Figure 2: part knowledge structure of dopamine

Dopamine in ChEBI Ontology
Dopamine (ChEBI: 18243) is defined in ChEBI as: Catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. 18243 is the "unique identification number" provided by ChEBI to each entity. In Figure 2, ChEBI: 18243 is a family of main group molecular entities (ChEBI: 33579), including one or more of any group in groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 of the periodic table of elements. A molecular entity of atoms. Dopamine, in this tree view, can be described as being a (is a) catecholamine (ChEBI: 33567), a monoamine molecular messenger (ChEBI: 25375), and an organic molecular entity (ChEBI: 50860).


However, dopamine also belongs to another branch of the family of chemical entities: phenols (ChEBI: 33853). As examined in Figure 3, it can be seen that dopamine is also a polyatomic entity (ChEBI: 36357), an organic aromatic compound (ChEBI: 33659), and a catechol (ChEBI: 33566). In Figure 1, it can also be seen that the conjugate base and conjugate acid of dopamine is dopamine (1+) (ChEBI: 59905), which is any mammalian "metabolite" produced during human metabolic reactions. In biology, the scientific role is related to neurotransmitter disorders. In subsequent articles, we will use other ontologies to further introduce it.

Figure 3: part knowledge structure of dopamine (graph view)

In one of the main relationship categories of ChEBI "has role", the biological role of dopamine is described (ChEBI: 24432), including β-adrenergic agonists, E. coli metabolites, dopaminergic drugs, mimetic sympathogenic agents, mouse metabolites, and human metabolites. The application relationship (ChEBI: 33232) describes the intended use of the molecular entity or its parts by humans. Therefore, the application level of dopamine includes: cardiotonic drugs, β-adrenergic agonists, dopaminergic drugs and sympathomimetic agents, etc. 

 

Figure 4: similar structures & has part relations within dopamine

There are also descriptions and links in the ontology. If we use the "has part" relationship query in ChEBI, we can also find compounds containing dopamine structures, which currently include at least 1387 entities, and we can also find 59 compounds similar to this structure, as shown in Figure 4 shown. 

The latest version (2024/06/27) of ChEBI contains nearly 62,000 compounds and more than 190,000 "relationships". ChEBI has a wide range of applications, including the construction of biomedical knowledge graphs, its rich hierarchical structure and other relationship types, which can provide therapeutic assistance in identifying chemical entities in Alzheimer's disease and dementia literature. So the final question is, is it feasible to directly use ChEBI’s dopamine to communicate directly with the public? 

Of course! As shown in Figure 5, PubChem, an open chemical database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), uses ChEBI: 18243 as the source of information describing dopamine. In addition, when the news media acquaints us with dopamine’s role in pain, they cite ChEBI: 18243 as their source. ChEBI’s portrayal of dopamine reveals it as a chemical entity. But what narrative lies within its ‘cell family lineage’? (To be continued…)"

Fig 5: Using ChEBI:18243 for the reference source in PubChem

The must-reads of Dopamine Girl ₯ from May

 

Dopamine Girl₯: The science of binge-watching TV shows: Screens glow, time bends, and we find ourselves immersed in a strange kind of time: binge-watching. It’s a dance of pixels, a dynamic narrative film that blurs the line between fiction and reality. But what drives us to devote our waking hours to the fascination of binge-watching?

Introvert or extrovert, ask the dopamine girl ₯?: Today I stumbled upon an interesting study from the Scientific American about dopamine girls ₯ from ten years ago. The dopamine plays an important role in the biology behind extroversion-introversion. The mechanisms include dopamine's control of reward sensitivity。。。

Conductor of the target action symphony: Dopamine Girl₯: Scholars from the US-Japan joint neuroscience research, a recent study published in Neurophotonics pointed out that by observing the mesocortical pathway, the neural highway connecting the VTA and PFC, it is possible to decode how dopamine guides our actions 。。。

Mature Dopamine Girl₯: Do you like challenges but also need to be a little bored?: A May article in National Geographic about why dopamine drives you to do hard things—Even Without Rewards, tells us that dopamine is the real reason why we like to take on bigger challenges, like running a marathon or solving problems at work. problem。。。

Fairness and unfairness of dopamine: We use 3 figures to directly summarize this research in "Nature Human Behavior" on February 26, 2024: Dopamine and serotonin in the human substantia nigra track social context and value signals in the economic exchange process, the first discovery reveals brain chemicals that influence social behavior, signals that contribute to our brain's overall assessment of value during social interactions。。。